Quadratic Equation Solver

Solve ax² + bx + c = 0 for any values of a, b and c. See both roots, the discriminant, step-by-step working and complex roots when the discriminant is negative.

quadratic-solver.tool
ax² + bx + c = 0
Examples

The Quadratic Formula

Every quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 can be solved using the quadratic formula: x = (−b ± √(b² − 4ac)) / 2a. The term under the square root — b² − 4ac — is called the discriminant (Δ). Its sign tells you immediately how many real solutions exist: positive = two distinct real roots, zero = one repeated real root, negative = two complex conjugate roots.

What the Discriminant Means

The discriminant is the most important single piece of information about a quadratic. Δ > 0 means the parabola crosses the x-axis at two points. Δ = 0 means it touches the x-axis at exactly one point (the vertex is on the axis). Δ < 0 means the parabola never crosses the x-axis — solutions exist only in complex numbers.

Frequently Asked Questions

If a = 0, the equation is no longer quadratic — it becomes linear (bx + c = 0, solved as x = -c/b). The quadratic formula requires a ≠ 0, which is why this calculator shows an error if you enter a = 0.
When the discriminant is negative, the square root of a negative number appears in the formula. There is no real number equal to the square root of a negative, so the solutions involve the imaginary unit i (where i² = -1). Complex roots always come in conjugate pairs: a + bi and a - bi. They are mathematically valid solutions but have no real-number representation on the number line.
The x-coordinate of the vertex is -b/(2a). Substitute this back into the equation to find the y-coordinate. The vertex is also the average of the two x-intercepts when they exist. The axis of symmetry is the vertical line x = -b/(2a).
Factorising means writing ax² + bx + c as a product of two brackets: a(x - r1)(x - r2), where r1 and r2 are the two roots. Example: x² - 5x + 6 = (x - 2)(x - 3). The roots are 2 and 3. Not all quadratics factorise over integers — the quadratic formula always works regardless.
Quadratics model many real situations: projectile motion (height of a ball over time), area problems (fencing a rectangular plot of given area), financial calculations (break-even analysis), engineering (beam deflection), and optics. Any time the rate of change itself changes at a constant rate, you get a quadratic relationship.